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This chapter deals with the description of suitable and innovative solutions devoted to preserve metallic artefacts in their original contexts, underwater cultural heritage sites of archaeological and historical interest, as well as with the analysis of the degradation processes of ferrous and non-ferrous artefacts induced by contact with an aggressive environment such as sea water. The chapter also provides an overview of the most common conservation strategies applied to recovered artefacts.
Metallographic investigations may be an essential component in the search for authenticity and fabrication technology. Assessing how an artefact is made may involve metallographic examination, usually entailing the removal of a small sample from the object concerned. Examples of the use of metallography are discussed with reference to copper alloys, high-tin bronzes, Chinese bronze mirrors, copper plaques, iron and steels, and plated or coated metals, such as depletion gilded surfaces or those covered with gold foil or other metals. The
Understanding the long-term corrosion mechanisms of iron in an anoxic environment is essential in the field of the preservation of archaeological heritage artefacts and nuclear waste management. Corrosion mechanisms have been assessed by examining nails 400 years old from the archaeological site of Glinet. This chapter provides an overview of the characterisation of the entire corrosion system environment/samples through coupled multiscale analytical tools. The environment is anoxic, calco-carbonated and water-saturated. Three corrosion patterns composed of ferrous carbonates (siderite and chukanovite)
Oxygen is a key factor in corrosion and decay of artefacts from our cultural heritage. The measurement of oxygen concentrations and quantification of oxygen consumption is therefore extremely useful in both corrosion and conservation science. This chapter focuses on two aspects of oxygen monitoring: first, measurement of oxygen consumption of cultural heritage artefacts to evaluate their corrosion rate and the efficiency of conservation treatments, and second, measurement of oxygen concentration in the burial environment to evaluate the preservation conditions and
Relationships between conservation and corrosion scientists are assessed and similarities, differences and synergies identified. Corrosion control as a preservation option for heritage metals is advocated as being cost-effective and pragmatic. This will require generation of data to develop predictive conservation and estimation of object lifespan as a function of their intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Methods for quantitative determination of corrosion rates of chloride infested heritage iron and techniques for scaling to heritage value are discussed. The iron hull of the
This chapter reviews and summarises the results of experiments using a new technique known as ‘subcritical’ for the stabilisation of archaeological iron. Five case studies are presented that illustrate the capacity of this technique to rapidly remove entrapped chloride ions from unstable metal with minimal observable changes to the objects’ integrity. This overview focuses on the effectiveness of this treatment from a conservation and preservation perspective. The benefits and current limitations of the technique are identified, as well as important
This chapter attempts to address monitoring problems from a wider point of view than is usual in the cultural heritage field. It discusses the issues connected to variations of space and time in the measured quantities. Some differently structured systems which can be employed in designing a monitoring infrastructure are discussed and a case study is reported to illustrate the practical application of general guidelines.
This chapter discusses the importance of using standards in conservation methodology and practice for cultural heritage (CH) metals. The past general trend in the field is the use of metal industry standards. The chapter surveys the relevant scientific publications, and concludes that conservation researchers use a variety of these standards adopted by different organisations. As a result, it can be difficult to compare scientific data for CH metal studies carried out by different laboratories. The chapter discusses the necessity to
This chapter reviews the applicability and specific uses of corrosion inhibitors in metal conservation practice. Corrosion inhibitors are one of the different methods used by conservation-restoration professionals to preserve metallic cultural heritage. In the first part, specific requirements and needs for corrosion inhibitors in conservation treatments are reviewed, as well as the different methods for the assessment of their efficiency. The second part of the chapter reviews the different inhibitors used by type of metals: copper and its alloys, iron
The conservation of metallic archaeological and historic artefacts is a major challenge whether they are ancient bronzes or relics of our more recent industrial past. Based on the work of Working Party 21 Corrosion of Archaeological and Historical Artefacts within the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC), this important book summarises key recent research on analytical techniques, understanding corrosion processes and preventing the corrosion of cultural heritage metallic artefacts. After an introductory part on some of the key issues in this area,
This chapter describes the recent advances in corrosion protection afforded by the use of ultra-thin organic films such as polymer films and self-assembled monolayers. Emphasis is given to the metal surface modification by self-assembled monolayers of carboxylic acids due to their properties and ability to protect metallic artefacts.
This chapter deals with an overview of the application of plasma technologies, an innovative environmentally friendly class of processes for the surface modification of materials, for cleaning and protection of metallic artefacts. Examples of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) of organosilicon precursors are described and appear particularly promising for the corrosion protection of the different metallic substrates such as iron-based alloys, copper and silver-based alloys of archaeological and historical-artistic interest.
This chapter focuses primarily on the common environmental aspects of atmospheric metal corrosion. The effects of climate and pollution on corrosion are reviewed across various timescales, from damage over millennia to the present situation, including short descriptions of the indoor environment and recent developments in international standardisation. The chapter concludes with two sections on future trends in air pollution and climate change.